Variables

The following topics describe how to add and manage variables in your dashboards:

A variable is a placeholder for a value. You can use variables in metric queries and in panel titles. So when you change the value, using the dropdown at the top of the dashboard, your panel’s metric queries will change to reflect the new value.

Variables allow you to create more interactive and dynamic dashboards. Instead of hard-coding things like server, application, and sensor names in your metric queries, you can use variables in their place. Variables are displayed as dropdown lists at the top of the dashboard. These dropdowns make it easy to change the data being displayed in your dashboard.

Variable drop-down open and two values selected

Give it a try using Grafana Play

With Grafana Play, you can explore and see how it works, learning from practical examples to accelerate your development. This feature can be seen on Templating - Global variables and interpolation.

Try it

Variables are useful for administrators who want to allow Grafana viewers to adjust visualizations without giving them full editing permissions. Grafana viewers can use variables.

Variables and templates also allow you to single-source dashboards. If you have multiple identical data sources or servers, you can make one dashboard and use variables to change what you are viewing. This simplifies maintenance and upkeep enormously.

Templates

A template is any query that contains a variable.

For example, if you were administering a dashboard to monitor several servers, you could make a dashboard for each server. Or you could create one dashboard and use panels with template queries like this one:

wmi_system_threads{instance=~"$server"}

Variable values are always synced to the URL using the syntax var-<varname>=value.

Additional Examples

Variables are listed in drop-down lists across the top of the screen. Select different variables to see how the visualizations change.

To see variable settings, navigate to Dashboard Settings > Variables. Click a variable in the list to see its settings.

Variables can be used in titles, descriptions, text panels, and queries. Queries with text that starts with $ are templates. Not all panels will have template queries.

The following dashboards in Grafana Play provide examples of template variables:

Templating, repeated panels - Using query variables to control how many panels appear.
Templated Dynamic Dashboard - Uses query variables, chained query variables, an interval variable, and a repeated panel.
Templating - Nested Variables Drilldown

Variable best practices

Variable drop-down lists are displayed in the order they are listed in the variable list in Dashboard settings.
Put the variables that you will change often at the top, so they will be shown first (far left on the dashboard).
By default, variables don’t have a default value. This means that the topmost value in the drop-down is always preselected. If you want to pre-populate a variable with an empty value, you can use the following workaround in the variable settings:
1. Select the Include All Option checkbox.
2. In the Custom all value field, enter a value like +.